3、分割结构

在英语中常常出现如此的现象:语法关系密切的两个句子成分被其他句子成分所分割开来,而有这种现象的句子结构大家称之为分割结构。它的类型十分繁多,但大家常常遇见这种情况,即在主语与谓语之间插入介词短语或是从句等比较长的结构用于描述一个状况,或是修饰说明主语,在这样的情况下,其目的总是是为了维持语义的严密,结构的紧凑.

比如:
Most novelists and historians writing in the early to mid-twentieth century who considered women in the West, when they considered women at all, fell under Turners spell.这句话的中文意思是从本世纪初到本世纪中叶从事写作的小说家和历史学家只须描写妇女,就会描述西部妇女,而且都被特纳迷住。这句话的主干是Most novelists and historians fell under Turners spell.其主语和谓语间被writing引导的修饰用的短语,一个由who引导的用于修饰Most novelists and historians的定语从句,和在这个由who引导的定语从句中的状语从句所分割开来。
当然有时还会存在这种状况,即同位语或同位语从句与先行词的分割是为了照顾句子结构平衡或突出强调的需要。
比如:
After Galileos work the feeling grew that there were universal laws governing the motion of bodies and that these laws might apply to motion in the heavens as well as on earth.这句话的中文意思是在伽利略著作之后,如此的认识加大了,即觉得存在着支配物体运动的常见规律,这类规律不只支配着地球上的而且也支配着天体上的物体的运动。在这句话中the feeling和that引导的从句被分割.

除此之外,还有定语与中心词被分割;某些词与其所需要的介词被分割;动词与其宾语被分割等等很多状况。总之,英语的分割遵循的是尾重原则,马上长而复杂的成分放在句末,从而使结构平衡均匀,以防止主语部分太长,谓语部分太短),和句尾信息焦点原则,即把新信息放在句子末尾。所以阅读时必须要注意先找出句子主干来,再来剖析句子的其他部分.

A contiguous zone is an area extending seaward from the territorial1 sea in which the coastal2 or island nation may exercise the control necessary to prevent or punish infringement3 of its customs, along with its fiscal4, immigration, and sanitary5 laws and regulations that occur within its territory or territorial sea .
句子分析:这句话的主干部分十分简单就是A contiguous zone is an area。后面的extending引导的短语是用来概念和讲解area的,而再后面的in which引导的定语从句部分也是用来修饰它的,而在这个定语从句中还有一个由that引导的定语从句,用于修饰其前面的infringement但它被一块修饰用途的介词短语所分割。
句子翻译:毗连区是从领海向外海一侧伸延的一片海区,沿海国或岛国在这一海区内可行使必要的管制,以预防或惩罚在其领土或领海内违反其海关、财政、移民和卫生法律与规章的行为。
Anyone considering taking part in a work of transformation6 of those forms of older art which seem to us in many ways unsatisfactory, so that they should be more in turn with the changing timers, and anyone who does not quail7 at the prospect8 of seeking out new forms of expression for new materials and new building function, will find spiritual kinship, observing Borrominis buildings.
句子分析:这句话非常长但这句话的主干非常简单就是Anyone and anyone will find spiritual kinship,在两个并列的主语之间加入了一大段的用于讲解说明第一个anyone,并且在这一大段中还有which引导的定语从句用于修饰those forms of older art,而在第二个主语同谓语部分之间还被一个由who引导的用于修饰第二个anyone的定语从句所分割,observing Borrominis buildings只不过这个主干部分的状语部分用于进一步说明。
句子翻译:旧艺术形式在很多方面好像不可以令大家认可,这就有待于大家去变革这类形式以更好地跟上变化多端的年代节奏,任何考虑参加这项工作的人,任何勇于为新材料和新建筑功能探索新表现形式的人,察看一下博罗里尼的建筑,都会发现精神上的类似。
4、省略结构
在英语的行文中,大伙常常被其中的词的省略导致的麻烦所困扰。其实这种困扰主要源于大家对其英文行文表达习惯和修辞手法的不知道。一般说来,英语文中的省略需遵守两个原则:一是这个词可有可无,或者是多余的,总之就是少了它之后不会改变原文的意思,二是省略的词义已经在上下文中得到了充分的体现。这里举个简单的例子让大伙,先吃个开胃餐:Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement.这句话的中文意思是一个人旅游的人,如果饿了、受伤了或者生病了,除去近期的小木屋或居民点,常常无处求援。这个句子在if后面省略了he is,这是由于在时间,地址,条件,让步,方法状语从句中,假如从句的主语与主句的主语相同,而从句的谓语又含有be,则可把主语+be省略掉。但应该注意有一类句子和省略句有一样的地方,如:You must get out of the city, and that quickly.如此的句子并非省略句,由于后一句中有that代表了要表示的意思。
He believes, although perhaps he does not know he believe it, that the more extensive verifications are, that the more frequently experiments have been made and results of the same kind arrived at, that the more varied9 the conditions under which the same results have been attained10, the more certain is the ultimate conclusion, and he disputes the question no further.
句子分析:在这句子由and连接的两部分构成,第一部分中although引导的其让步用途的状语从句将believes与其宾语部分分割开来,believe后面的宾语部分包含三个that引导的从句,和后面and前的部分,应该注意的是这里用了the morethe more的结构,其中第二个the more子句中,arrived at省略了have been,而第三个the more子句中包括了一个由which引导的定语从句。
句子翻译:他相信,尽管他可能不了解自己相信,验证范围越广泛,试验做得越多且得出的结果相同,而且得出同一结果的条件越是多元化,则最后的结论就越一定无疑,他再也不对这个问题提出质疑了。
What is questioned is whether a country like Britain has a chance, assuming it has the will, to succeed where so many have failed, and even assuming that it has, should make the tremendous effort and take substantial financial risk of trying to leap-frog into leadership in entirely11 new technology, or whether it should take the softer option of merely catching12 up with the rest of the industrialized world.

句子分析:这是一个主系表结构。What is questioned是主语从句。表语是两个以whether引导的从句。第一个whether从句的主干结构是a country has a chance to succeed and should make the tremendous effort and take substantial financial risk of trying to leap-frog into leadership in entirely new technology,而两个assuming引导的从句用来表示假设,除此之外where引导的状语从句是为了做一对比,并且在第二个assuming从句的it has后面省略了the chance;第二个whether从句结构比较简单不再仔细讨论.

句子翻译:目前提出的问题是,像英国如此的国家,倘若想的话,是不是大概在不少国家已经失败的方面获得成功。倘若有这种可能,英国是不是应尽最大的努力,冒最大的财政风险,一步进入全新技术的前列,或者应该采取比较稳妥地选择,只不过赶上其他工业国的节奏.